Control Systems & PLC's

Band Pass

Knee Pain, Knee Injuries and Iliotibial Band Syndrome

However, they don't usually occur in an instant, like a hamstring strain or groin pull, but commonly start off as a twinge or niggle, and progress quickly to a debilitating sports injury that can sideline the best of us for weeks.

For those who aren't familiar with Iliotibial Band Syndrome, let's start by having a look at the muscle responsible for the problem. The iliotibial band is actually a thick tendon-like portion of another muscle called the tensor fasciae latae. This band passes down the outside of the thigh and inserts just below the knee.

If you look at the anterior (front) view of the right thigh muscles and follow the tendon of this muscle down, you'll see that it runs all the way to the knee. This thick band of tendon is the iliotibial band. Or iliotibial tract, as it is labelled in the diagram.

The knee pain occurs when the tensor fasciae latae muscle and iliotibial band become tight. This causes the tendon to pull the knee joint out of alignment and rub against the outside of the knee, which results in inflammation and pain.

Causes

 

There are two main causes of knee pain associated with iliotibial band syndrome. The first is "overload" and the second is "biomechanical errors."

Overload is common with sports that require a lot of running or weight bearing activity. This is why ITB is commonly a runner's injury. When the tensor fasciae latae muscle and iliotibial band become fatigued and overloaded, they lose their ability to adequately stabilize the entire leg. This in-turn places stress on the knee joint, which results in pain and damage to the structures that make up the knee joint.

Overload on the ITB can be caused by a number of things. They include:

 

• Exercising on hard surfaces, like concrete;
• Exercising on uneven ground;
• Beginning an exercise program after a long lay-off period;
• Increasing exercise intensity or duration too quickly;
• Exercising in worn out or ill fitting shoes; and
• Excessive uphill or downhill running.

 

Biomechanical errors include:

 

• Leg length differences;
• Tight, stiff muscles in the leg;
• Muscle imbalances;
• Foot structure problems such as flat feet; and
• Gait, or running style problems such as pronation.

Treatment For Iliotibial Band Syndrome

 

Firstly, be sure to remove the cause of the problem. Whether is be an overload problem, or a biomechanical problem, make sure steps are taken to remove the cause.

The basic treatment for knee pain that results from ITB Syndrome is no different to most other soft tissue injuries. Immediately following the onset of any knee pain, the R.I.C.E.R. regime should be applied. This involves Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation, and Referral to an appropriate professional for an accurate diagnosis. It is critical that the R.I.C.E.R. regime be implemented for at least the first 48 to 72 hours. Doing this will give you the best possible chance of a complete and full recovery.

Article by Brad Walker. Brad is an internationally recognized stretching and sports injury consultant with 20 years of practical experience in the health and fitness industry. Brad is a Health Science graduate of the University of New England and has postgraduate accreditations in athletics, swimming and triathlon coaching. He has worked with elite level and world champion athletes and lectures for Sports Medicine Australia on injury prevention. Brad is also the author of The Stretching Handbook, The Anatomy of Stretching and The Anatomy of Sports Injuries.

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How to design a low pass or band pass circuit using given values?

I need to pass 2KHz and block 100KHz , also i must use a 2khz and 100khz oscillator, and have a 6dB amplifier circuit. If someone could at least help me construct the bandpass or low pass, i think i can get it from there. Please help me out!
I need to create the circuit using active filters, such as a 741 op amp.

First i guess you talking about analog filters,But do have any restriction for the design because they are alot of options(the order of the filter,topology,filter type).

I will tell you the easiest way to get a filter with resistors and capacitors only.
equation cut frequency=1/(2*pi*Resistor*capacitor)
for the low pass filter let the cut frequency be little higher than 2khzlet it be 3khz, and let capacitor be 10micro F
So the resistor will be R=1/(3000*2*pi*10MicroF)=530.7 ohm or value close to it is okay.

0--------------//////---------|-----|
. Resistor approx |
. 550 ohm |
. | capacitor 10uf |
. |
. |
0--- --------------------------------------l

hope it helps

Caixa band pass com dois bicho papão